Tugas 05

Contoh Kalimat Gerunds :

- Agra will stop selling the book.
- Agra will stop to sell the book.

- Amir will continue studying in the UK.
- Amir will continue to study in the UK.

- She starts learning English.
- She starts to learn English.

- She will call you before feeding the pets.
- The manager will make decision after reading the report.

- She tried opening the box.
- She tried to open the box.

Tugas 04

Ciri-ciri dari Gerund :

1. Subject pada kalimat
Jika di posisikan sebagai subject dalam kalimat, maka gerund akan seperti ini;
contoh:
- Playing football is fun.
- Gardening is one of my hobbies.
- smoking cigarrettes can be bad for your health.
(pada kata kerja tertentu, Gerund juga harus diikutkan bersama kata benda sebagai penjelas.)

2. Object pada kalimat.
Gerund yang diposisikan sebagai object dalam kalimat, menjadi seperti ini;
contoh :
- I enjoy cooking on Mondays.
- I admitted cheating on that game.

3. Complement (Pelengkap) dalam kalimat.
Gerund yang diposisikan sebagai complement seperti ini;
contoh :
- My favorite hobby is swimming
- His main hope is seeing his daughter.

4. Gerund setelah Preposition (kata depan)
Disini, Gerund yang diikutkan setelah Preposition (kata depan/perangkai) akan difungsikan sebagai object berpreposisi.
Contoh :
- I apologized for coming late.
- It keeps on raining all day.

Sumber :
http://lexanne.heck.in/gerunds-dan-infinitives.xhtml

Tugas 03

Jelaskan mengenai gerund ?
Gerunds are defined as the -ing form of a verb. They have several functions.
1. Used as subjects and complements

• Skiing is my favorite sport.
• Hiking can be very strenuous.
• Seeing is believing

2. Used as objects following prepositions and prepositional expressions

• Thanks for tending my children.
• The job consists of typing, filing, and answering the phone.

3. Used as objects following certain verbs.*

• The children enjoyed watching the parade.
• Ms. Terrell avoided paying her taxes until it was too late.
• Gerunds can sometimes take objects of their own:
• Roland is afraid of making mistakes.
• Sandy is considering leaving New York.

*These verbs are commonly followed by gerunds.

admit begin discuss hate love practice regret stop

advise can't help dislike hesitate mention prefer remember suggest

anticipate complete enjoy imagine mind quit resent threaten

appreciate consider finish intend miss recall resist tolerate

attempt delay forget keep neglect recollect risk try

avoid deny go like postpone recommend start understand

Sumber : http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/gerunds.html

Tugas 3. CHOOSING FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX!

a.       information	a.       chips	h. WYSIWYG	k. controls
b.       processing	b.       RAM	i.    graphics	l.    systems
c.        load	i.         ROM	j.    bugs	m.  scroll
d.       files

1.       Problems in programs are caused by load

2.       Silicon chips contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced to a very small size.

3.       Obtaining  files is done by processing data.

4.       Software produces images which can appear on the screen as grafis

5.       Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only be read, is ROM

6.       Memory into which information can be loaded and from which data can be read, is RAM

7.       Operators bugs into the computer's memory a program that they want to use.

8.       Analysing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is done by controls analysts.

9.       "What you see is what you get" explains information

10.     A single disk can contain a large number of different file

11.    System can carry out instructions or operations when certain conditions occur.

12.    The operators scroll lines of text up the screen, so that a new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears.

Tugas 2. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER!

1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
a   clerks       b   accountants       c   supervisors
2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..
a   vendors       b   renters       c   reps
3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of  finished goods or components to be  made into goods, are the ………..
a   choosers       b   procurers       c   buyers
4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
a   packers       b   quality controllers       c   financial staff
5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
a   secretaries       b   editors       c   copywriters
6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............
a   statisticians       b   accountants       c   counters
7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
a   wages clerks       b   filing clerks       c   paying clerks
8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
a   hackers       b   operators       c   screeners
9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........
a   manager       b   president       c   receptionist
10. The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
a   VDU operators       b   telex operators c   switchboard operators
11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.
a   Workers       b   Directors       c   Control
12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
a   venture       b   individual       c   cooperative
13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
a   market       b   return       c   rate
14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
a   gain       b   risk       c   investment
15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
a   fixed       b   contribution       c   variable

Reported speech

Reported speech

We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.

• He says he wants it.
• We think you are right.
• I believe he loves her.
• Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!
• She told me he had asked her to marry him.
• I told you she was ill.
• We thought he was in Australia.

When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense.

• He thinks he loves her.
• I'll tell her you are coming.
• He has said he'll do it.

When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we generally make the tense 'more in the past'.

• You look very nice. = I told him he looked very nice.
• He's working in Siberia now. = She told me he was working in Siberia now.
• Polly has bought a new car. = She said Polly had bought a new car.
• Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.
• Paul called and left a message. = He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.
• I'll give you a hand. = He said he would give me a hand.

However, when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:

"The train doesn't stop here."

• He said the train doesn't stop here.
• He said the train didn't stop here.

"I like Sarah."

• She said she likes Sarah.
• She said she liked Sarah.

When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the sentence.

We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I don't want to go."

• I said I didn't want to go.
• Bill said he didn't want to go.

We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a different place or time.

Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."

• (If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.
• (If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.

Now compare these two sentences.

• (If we are in a different place) He said he would be there tomorrow at ten.
• (If we are in the place he is coming to) He said he would be here at ten tomorrow.

sumber:
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/reportedspeech/menu.php

Write down your opinion about this picture

Write down your opinion about this picture

Tugas VIII

GIVES 10 EXAMPLE ABOUT HOW TO CHANGE DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT ! 

• Ridha said:” I want to come to your house on Sunday”.
  Ridha said that she wanted to come to my house on Sunday.
• Robby said:” I am writing a letter to my friend now”.
  Robby said that he was writing a letter to his friend then.
• Nancy had said :” I will visit your village next December”.
  Nancy had said that she would visit my village the following December.
• Tommy said :” I drove my new car on the highway yesterday”.
  Tommy said that he had driven his new on the highway the day before.
• The secretary said :” I have typed these contract letters for an hour”.
  The secretary said that she had typed those contract letters for an hour.
• He says, "I am unwell.”
  He Says That he is unwell. 
• He says, "my mother is writing a letter."
  He Says That his mother is writing a letter. 
• She says to her friend, “I  have been writing” 
  She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
•  She will say, ”You have done wrongly”
  She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah) 
• She will say, “The boy wasn’t lazy“
  She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah) 
  
• She says to her friend, “I  have been writing”
  She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)